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Thehistoryofmobilepho来自nesbeginswithearlyeffortstodevelopradiotelep360问答honetechnologyandfromtwo-wayradiosinvehiclesandcont当inuesthroughemergenceofmodernmobilephonesandassoc编iatedservices.
Radiophoneshavealon矿甲乐未兵随必船功阳钱gandvariedhistorygoingbacktoReginaldFessenden'sinventionandshore-to丰密笔读探-shipdemonstrat第候第觉杆目ionofradiotelephony,throughtheSe破师往挥害毫试证里州升condWorldWarwithmilitaryuseofradiotelephonylinksandcivilservicesinthe1950s,whilehand-heldmobileradiodeviceshaveb均边eenavailablesin强凯兵聚补片ce1973.Mobilephonehistoryisoftendividedintogenerations(first,second,thirdandsoon)tomarksign移具罗律ificantstepchangesin爱似年广团高让移确轮什capabilitiesasthetechnologyimprovedovertheyears.
Contents[hide]
1Pioneersofradiotelephony
2Emergenceofcommer杀反计攻岁举逐根育cialmobilephoneservices
3Firstgeneration:Cellularnetworks
4Secondgeneration:Digitalnetworks
5Thirdgeneration:HighspeedIPdatanetworks
6Growthofmobilebroadbandandtheemergenceof4G
7Patents
8See集校水第款础罗会绍also
9Notes
10References
11Externallinks
[edit]Pioneersofradiotelephony
In1908,U.S.Patent887,357forawirelesstelephonewasissuedt强之oNathanB.Stubbl决状二宗纪还创喜宽efieldofMurray,Kentucky.Heappli植吧点应民合苦杆与林生edthispatentto"caveradio"telephonesandnotdirectlytocellularte怎门lephonyasthetermiscurrentlyunderst开独微思黑室展路千维ood.[1]
In1910LarsMagnusEri额路以与类续抓鲜吸cssoninstalledatelephoneinhiscar,althoughthiswasnotaradiotelephone.Whiletravellingacrossthecountry,hewouldstopataplacewheretelephonelineswereaccessibleandusingapairoflongelectricwireshecouldconnecttothenationaltelephonenetwork.[2]
InEurope,radiotelephonywasfirstusedonthefirst-classpassengertrainsbetweenBerlinandHamburgin1926.Atthesametime,radiotelephonywasintroducedonpassengerairplanesforairtrafficsecurity.LaterradiotelephonywasintroducedonalargescaleinGermantanksduringtheSecondWorldWar.AfterthewarGermanpoliceintheBritishzoneofoccupationfirstuseddisusedtanktelephonyequipmenttorunthefirstradiopatrolcars.[citationneeded]Inallofthesecasestheservicewasconfinedtospecialiststhatweretrainedtousetheequipment.Intheearly1950sshipsontheRhinewereamongthefirsttouseradiotelephonywithanuntrainedendcustomerasauser.
Two-wayradios(knownasmobilerigs)wereusedinvehiclessuchastaxicabs,policecruisers,andambulances,butwerenotmobilephonesbecausetheywerenotnormallyconnectedtothetelephonenetwork.Userscouldnotdialphonenumbersfromtheirvehicles.Alargecommunityofmobileradiousers,knownasthemobileers,popularizedthetechnologythatwouldeventuallygivewaytothemobilephone.Originally,mobiletwo-wayradioswerepermanentlyinstalledinvehicles,butlaterversionssuchastheso-calledtransportablesor"bagphones"wereequippedwithacigarettelighterplugsothattheycouldalsobecarried,andthuscouldbeusedaseithermobileorasportabletwo-wayradios.Duringtheearly1940s,Motoroladevelopedabackpackedtwo-wayradio,theWalkie-Talkieandlaterdevelopedalargehand-heldtwo-wayradiofortheUSmilitary.Thisbatterypowered"Handie-Talkie"(HT)wasaboutthesizeofaman'sforearm.
In1946sovietengineersG.ShapiroandI.Zaharchenkosuccessfullytestedtheirversionofaradiomobilephonemountedinsideacar.Thedevicecouldconnecttolocaltelephonenetworkwitharangeofupto20kilometers.
TopofcellulartelephonetowerInDecember1947,DouglasH.RingandW.RaeYoung,BellLabsengineers,proposedhexagonalcellsformobilephonesinvehicles.[3]PhilipT.Porter,alsoofBellLabs,proposedthatthecelltowersbeatthecornersofthehexagonsratherthanthecentersandhavedirectionalantennasthatwouldtransmit/receiveinthreedirections(seepictureatright)intothreeadjacenthexagoncells.[4]Thetechnologydidnotexistthenandthefrequencieshadnotyetbeenallocated.Cellulartechnologywasundevelopeduntilthe1960s,whenRichardH.FrenkielandJoelS.EngelofBellLabsdevelopedtheelectronics.
Duringthe1950stheexperimentsofthepioneersstartedtoappearasusableservicesacrosssociety,bothcommerciallyandculturally.Inthe1954movieSabrina,thebusinessmanLinusLarrabee(playedbyHumphreyBogart)makesacallfromthephoneinthebackofhislimousine.
In1957youngSovietradioengineerLeonidKupriyanovichfromMoscowcreatedtheportablemobilephone,namedafterhimselfasLK-1or"radiophone".[5]Thistruemobilephoneconsistedofarelativelysmall-sizedhandsetequippedwithanantennaandrotarydial,andcommunicatedwithabasestation.Kupriyanovich's"radiophone"had3kilogramoftotalweight,couldoperateupto20or30kilometers,andhad20or30hoursofbatterylifespan.LK-1anditslayoutwasdepictedinpopularSovietmagazinesasNaukaizhizn,8,1957,p.49,Yuniytechnik,7,1957,p.43–44.EngineerKupriyanovichpatentedhismobilephoneinthesameyear1957(author'scertificate(USSRPatent)#115494,1.11.1957).ThebasestationofLK-1(calledATR,orAutomatedTelephoneRadiostation)couldconnecttolocaltelephonenetworkandserveseveralcustomers.
In1958,Kupriyanovichresizedhis"radiophone"to"pocket"version.Theweightofimproved"light"handsetwasabout500grams.
In1967,eachmobilephonehadtostaywithinthecellareaservicedbyonebasestationthroughoutthephonecall.Thisdidnotprovidecontinuityofautomatictelephoneservicetomobilephonesmovingthroughseveralcellareas.
In1969,apatentforawirelessphoneusinganacousticcouplerforincomingcallswasissuedinUSPatentNumber3,449,750toGeorgeSweigertofEuclid,OhioonJune10,1969.Dialinganumberforoutgoingcallswasnotprovided.
Theconceptsoffrequencyreuseandhandoff,aswellasanumberofotherconceptsthatformedthebasisofmoderncellphonetechnology,weredescribedinthe1970s.In1970AmosE.Joel,Jr.,anotherBellLabsengineer,[6]inventedanautomatic"callhandoff"systemtoallowmobilephonestomovethroughseveralcellareasduringasingleconversationwithoutlossofconversation.AlsoFluhrandNussbaum,[7]Hachenburgetal.[8],andU.S.Patent4,152,647,issuedMay1,1979toCharlesA.GladdenandMartinH.Parelman,bothofLasVegas,NevadaandassignedbythemtotheUnitedStatesGovernment.
