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TheColosseumorColiseum,orig径小松inallytheFlavianAmphitheatre(Latin:AmphitheatrumFlavium,ItalianAnfiteatroFlavioorColosseo),isagi线超antamphitheatreinthecentreofthecityofRome.Originallycapableofseating45,000–50,000spectators,itwasuse问处联部历天台被dforgladiatorialcontestsandpublicspectacles.ItwasbuiltonasitejusteastoftheRomanForum,withconstructionstartingbet须第ween70and72ADundertheemperorVespasian机.Theamphitheatre,thelargesteverbuiltintheRomanEmpire,wascompletedin80ADunderTitus,withfurthermodifi来自cationsbeingmadeduringDomitian'sreign.[1]
TheColosseumremainedinusefornearly500yearswiththelastrecordedgamesbeingheldthereaslatea360问答sthe6thcentury-wellafte控有优和跳rthetraditionaldateofthefallofRomei如齐从维有低什粒优n476.Aswellasthetraditionalgladia领希沙父课充爱广衣torialgames,manyotherpublicspectacleswe果点reheldthere,suchasmocks须eabattles,animalhunts,executions,re-enactmentsoffamousbattles,anddramasbasedonClassicalmythology.Thebuildingeventuallyceasedtobeusedforentertainmentintheearlymedievalera.Itwaslaterreusedforsuchvariedpurposesashousing,workshops,quartersforareligiousorder,afortress,aquarryandaChristianshrine.
Althoughitisnowinaseverelyruine必个帮力烧双普dconditionduetodamagecausedbyearthquakesandstone-robbers,theCo况losseumhaslongbeenseenasaniconicsymbolofImperialRomeandisoneofthefinestsurvivingexampl力esofRomanar啊积刘天chitecture.Itis印面比变径足度东oneofmodernRome'smostpopulartouristattractionsandstil请犯毫欢lhasclosec考概占底怎察盾眼onnectionswiththeRomanCatholicChurchandthePopeleadsatorchlit"WayoftheCross"processiontotheamphitheatreeachGoodFriday.
History
Ancient
AmapofcentralRomeduringtheRomanEmpire,withtheColosseumattheupperright***.ConstructionoftheColosseumbeganundertheruleoftheEmperorVespasian[1]inaround70–72.ThesitechosenwasaflatareaonthefloorofalowvalleybetweentheCaelian,EsquilineandPalatineHills,throughwhichacanalisedstreamran.Bythe2ndcenturyBCtheareawasdenselyinhabited.ItwasdevastatedbytheGreatFireofRomeinAD64,followingwhichNeroseizedmuchoftheareatoaddtohispersonaldomain.HebuiltthegrandioseDomusAureaonthesite,infrontofwhichhecreatedanartificiallakesurroundedbypavillions,gardensandporticoes.TheexistingAquaClaudiaaqueductwasextendedtosupplywatertotheareaandthegiganticbronzeColossusofNerowassetupnearbyattheentrancetotheDomusAurea.[2]
TheareawastransformedunderVespasianandhissuccessors.AlthoughtheColossuswaspreserved,muchoftheDomusAureawastorndown.ThelakewasfilledinandthelandreusedasthelocationforthenewFlavianAmphitheatre.GladiatorialschoolsandothersupportbuildingswereconstructednearbywithintheformergroundsoftheDomusAurea.Accordingtoareconstructedinscriptionfoundonthesite,"theemperorVespasianorderedthisnewamphitheatretobeerectedfromhisgeneral'sshareofthebooty."ThisisthoughttorefertothevastquantityoftreasureseizedbytheRomansfollowingtheirvictoryintheGreatJewishRevoltin70.TheColosseumcanbethusinterpretedasagreattriumphalmonumentbuiltintheRomantraditionofcelebratinggreatvictories.[2]Vespasian'sdecisiontobuildtheColosseumonthesiteofNero'slakecanalsobeseenasapopulistgestureofreturningtothepeopleanareaofthecitywhichNerohadappropriatedforhisownuse.Incontrasttomanyotheramphitheatres,whichwerelocatedontheoutskirtsofacity,theColosseumwasconstructedinthecitycentre;ineffect,placingitbothliterallyandsymbolicallyattheheartofRome.
TheColosseumhadbeencompleteduptothethirdstorybythetimeofVespasian'sdeathin79.Thetoplevelwasfinishedandthebuildinginauguratedbyhisson,Titus,in80.[1]DioCassiusrecountsthat11,000wildanimalswerekilledintheonehundreddaysofcelebrationwhichinauguratedtheamphitheatre.ThebuildingwasremodelledfurtherunderVespasian'syoungerson,thenewly-designatedEmperorDomitian,whoconstructedthehypogeum,aseriesofundergroundtunnelsusedtohouseanimalsandslaves.HealsoaddedagallerytothetopoftheColosseumtoincreaseitsseatingcapacity.
In217,theColosseumwasbadlydamagedbyamajorfire(causedbylightning,accordingtoDioCassius[3])whichdestroyedthewoodenupperlevelsoftheamphitheatre'sinterior.Itwasnotfullyrepaireduntilabout240andunderwentfurtherrepairsin250or252andagainin320.AninscriptionrecordstherestorationofvariouspartsoftheColosseumunderTheodosiusIIandValentinianIII(reigned425–450),possiblytorepairdamagecausedbyamajorearthquakein443;moreworkfollowedin484and508.Thearenacontinuedtobeusedforcontestswellintothe6thcentury,withgladiatorialfightslastmentionedaround435.Animalhuntscontinueduntilatleast523.[2]
